A data quality assessment of the models’ documentation revealed real differences between models in temporal and geographic representativeness, completeness, as well as transparency. Effects of these deviations on well-to-wheels passenger vehicle and truck transportation life cycle models may be minimal for effects such as global warming potential (6% spread), but for respiratory effects of criteria pollutants (41% spread) and other impact categories, they can be significant. Differences in allocation do not appear to explain differences in predictions. Carbon dioxide well-to-pump emissions for gasoline showed a variation of 35%, and other pollutants such as ammonia and particulate matter varied up to 100%. Our paper studies five of these models, demonstrating the differences in their predictions and attempting to evaluate their data quality. Many organizations have attempted to develop an accurate well-to-pump life cycle model of petroleum products in order to inform decision makers of the consequences of its use.
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February 2023
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